Lesão renal aguda e COVID-19 em adultos jovens na terapia intensiva / Lesión renal aguda y COVID-19 en adultos jóvenes en cuidados intensivos / Acute kidney injury and COVID-19 in young adults in intensive care

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a prevalência de lesão renal aguda em adultos jovens com diagnóstico da COVID-19 admitidos em unidade terapia intensiva. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo e analítico. A amostra foi de adultos jovens (20 a 40 anos) admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva, com diagnóstico de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 entre março e dezembro de 2020. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do prontuário eletrônico, e a lesão renal aguda foi definida pelo valor da creatinina, segundo critérios das diretrizes da Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. A significância estatística foi de p≤0,05. Resultados Foram internados 58 adultos jovens, sendo 63,8% do sexo masculino. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica esteve presente em 39,6%, a obesidade em 18,9% e o diabetes mellitus em 8,6%. A lesão renal aguda foi identificada em 55,1%, sendo o estágio 3 predominante em 43,1% deles. Nesses pacientes, o uso de ventilação mecânica e de drogas vasoativas foi significativo em 92%, assim como a disfunção orgânica respiratória (80%), seguida da renal (76%). Fatores de risco, como transplante renal ou doença renal crônica e obesidade, aumentaram em 12,3 e 9,0 vezes, respectivamente, a chance de desenvolver lesão renal aguda. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de lesão renal em adultos jovens e sua associação com comorbidades prévias. Obesidade, transplante renal e doença renal crônica elevaram a chance de o adulto jovem desenvolver lesão renal aguda, resultando em desfechos a favor da morbimortalidade.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de lesión renal aguda en adultos jóvenes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 admitidos en unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo, cuantitativo y analítico. La muestra fue de adultos jóvenes (20 a 40 años) admitidos en unidades de cuidados intensivos, con diagnóstico de infección por SARS-CoV-2 entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de historias clínicas electrónicas, y la lesión renal aguda fue definida por el valor de la creatinina, de acuerdo con criterios de las directrices de la Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. La significación estadística fue de p≤0,05. Resultados Hubo 58 adultos jóvenes internados, el 63,8 % de sexo masculino. La hipertensión arterial sistémica estuvo presente en el 39,6 %, la obesidad en el 18,9 % y la diabetes mellitus en el 8,6 %. Se identificó lesión renal aguda en el 55,1 %, de nivel 3 como predominante en el 43,1 % de los casos. En esos pacientes, el uso de ventilación mecánica y de drogas vasoactivas fue significativo en el 92 %, así como también la disfunción orgánica respiratoria (80 %), seguida de la renal (76 %). Los factores de riesgo, como trasplante renal o enfermedad renal crónica y obesidad, aumentaron 12,3 y 9,0 veces respectivamente la probabilidad de presentar lesión renal aguda. Conclusión Este estudio demostró alta prevalencia de lesión renal en adultos jóvenes y su asociación con comorbilidades previas. La obesidad, el trasplante renal y la enfermedad renal crónica aumentaron la probabilidad de que los adultos jóvenes presenten lesión renal aguda, lo que da como resultado desenlaces a favor de la morbimortalidad.

Abstract Objective To describe acute kidney injury prevalence in young adults diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Methods This is a retrospective, quantitative and analytical study. The sample consisted of young adults (20 to 40 years old) admitted to Intensive Care Units, diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March and December 2020. Data were obtained through electronic medical records, and kidney injury acute was defined by the creatinine value, according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines criteria. Statistical significance was p≤0.05. Results A total of 58 young adults were hospitalized, 63.8% of whom were male. Hypertension was present in 39.6%, obesity in 18.9%, and diabetes mellitus in 8.6%. Acute kidney injury was identified in 55.1%, with stage 3 predominating in 43.1% of them. In these patients, the use of mechanical ventilation and vasoactive drugs was significant in 92% as well as respiratory organ dysfunction (80%), followed by renal organ dysfunction (76%). Risk factors such as kidney transplantation or chronic kidney disease and obesity increased by 12.3 and 9.0 times, respectively, the chances of developing acute kidney injury. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high kidney injury prevalence in young adults and its association with previous comorbidities. Obesity, kidney transplantation and chronic kidney disease increased the chance of young adults to develop acute kidney injury, resulting in outcomes in favor of morbidity and mortality.

Sepsis and COVID-19: outcomes in young adults in intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: to verify sepsis incidence among young adults admitted to intensive care due to COVID-19 and to analyze its association with demographic, clinical and outcome variables. METHODS: a quantitative, longitudinal, retrospective and analytical study, consisting of 58 adults aged 20 to 40 years in intensive care for SARS-CoV-2. It was carried out in a university hospital, from March 2020 to December 2021, with data collected from electronic medical records. RESULTS: sepsis incidence was 65%. Sepsis was associated with acute kidney injury, use of vasoactive drugs and mechanical ventilation, being admitted to the emergency room, severity according to the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III and bacterial pulmonary co-infection, the latter being the most frequent etiology for sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: there was a high sepsis incidence, with 42% of deaths, which points to the importance of investing in preventive measures, especially in relation to bacterial pulmonary coinfections.

Alterações bioquímicas de pacientes com COVID-19 / Alteraciones bioquímicas de pacientes con COVID-19 / Biochemical changes in patients with COVID-19

Resumo Objetivo identificar as alterações bioquímicas dos pacientes com apresentação moderada e grave da doença Covid-19 e as preditivas de gravidade nos que evoluíram do estagio moderado para o grave. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 709 pacientes internados com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 e apresentação moderada e grave da doença. Foi realizado em um hospital universitário de média e alta complexidade do estado de São Paulo, no período de abril de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Os dados coletados dos prontuários foram exames laboratoriais e evolução clínica dos pacientes. Na análise descritiva, foi utilizado frequência absoluta, percentual, média e desvio padrão. Os Testes do Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney ou t de Student foram utilizados para comparar as diferenças entre os grupos dos moderados e graves. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados A média de idade foi significantemente maior nos pacientes graves em relação aos moderados (p<0,001). Os valores da hemoglobina e plaquetas foram estatisticamente menores na internação no grupo dos pacientes graves, proteína C-reativa e D-Dímero, maiores (p<0,001). O número de óbitos foi significantemente maior nos pacientes que foram internados em estado grave (p<0,001) e verificamos também que a hemoglobina e plaquetas estavam abaixo dos valores de referência na internação deste grupo. Dos 533 pacientes que internaram em estado moderado, 38 evoluiram para quadro grave. Conclusão Os resultados mostram a importância da avaliação clínica das variáveis bioquímicas no momento da internação como preditivas de gravidade. Os achados reportados nesta investigação corroboram com dados da literatura e podem elucidar intervenções precoces para melhor manejo dos pacientes desde o momento da internação.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar las alteraciones bioquímicas de los pacientes con cuadro moderado y grave de la enfermedad de COVID-19 y las predictivas de gravedad en los que evolucionaron de nivel moderado a grave. Métodos Estudio de cohorte prospectivo con 709 pacientes internados con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 y cuadro moderado y grave de la enfermedad. Fue realizado en un hospital universitario de complejidad mediana y alta en el estado de São Paulo, durante el período de abril de 2020 a diciembre de 2021. Los datos obtenidos a partir de las historias clínicas fueron pruebas de laboratorio y evolución clínica de los pacientes. En el análisis descriptivo se utilizó frecuencia absoluta, porcentaje, promedio y desviación típica. Para comparar las diferencias entre los grupos de los moderados y graves se utilizaron las pruebas χ2 de Pearson, exacta de Fisher, Mann-Whitney o t de Student. El nivel de significación adoptado fue de 0,05. Resultados El promedio de edad fue considerablemente más alto en los pacientes graves en relación con los moderados (p<0,001). Los valores de la hemoglobina y de las plaquetas fueron estadísticamente inferiores en la internación en el grupo de los pacientes graves, proteína C reactiva y dímero D, superiores (p<0,001). El número de defunciones fue considerablemente más alto en los pacientes que ingresaron en estado grave (p<0,001) y verificamos también que la hemoglobina y las plaquetas estaban por debajo de los valores de referencia en la internación de este grupo. De los 533 pacientes que ingresaron en estado moderado, 38 evolucionaron hacia cuadros graves. Conclusión Los resultados muestran la importancia de la evaluación clínica de las variables bioquímicas en el momento de la internación como predictivas de gravedad. Los resultados informados en esta investigación confirman los datos de la literatura y pueden esclarecer intervenciones tempranas para un mejor manejo de los pacientes desde el momento de la internación.

Abstract Objective To identify the biochemical alterations of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 and the predictors of severity in those who progressed from the moderate to the severe stage. Methods This is a prospective cohort study with 709 patients hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate and severe illness. It was carried out in a university hospital of medium and high complexity, in the state of São Paulo, from April 2020 to December 2021. Data collected from medical records were laboratory tests and clinical progression of patients. In the descriptive analysis, absolute frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. Pearson's chi-square, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney or Student's t tests were used to compare the differences between the moderate and severe groups. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results The mean age was significantly higher in severe patients than in moderate ones (p<0.001). Hemoglobin and platelet values were statistically lower upon admission in the group of critically ill patients, C-reactive protein and D-dimer higher (p<0.001). The number of deaths was significantly higher in patients who were hospitalized in a serious condition (p<0.001) and we also found that hemoglobin and platelets were below the reference values at hospitalization in this group. Of the 533 patients who were hospitalized in a moderate condition, 38 progressed to a severe condition. Conclusion The results show the importance of clinical assessment of biochemical variables at the time of admission as predictors of severity. The findings reported in this investigation corroborate data from the literature and can elucidate early interventions for better management of patients from the moment of hospitalization.

Preditores de mortalidade e tempo médio de sobrevivência dos pacientes críticos / Predictores de mortalidad y tiempo promedio de supervivencia de los pacientes críticos / Predictors of mortality and median survival time of critically ill patients

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os preditores de mortalidade e o tempo médio de sobrevivência dos pacientes internados nas unidades de terapias intensivas. Métodos Coorte prospectiva, realizada no período de agosto de 2018 a julho de 2019, em quatro Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de adultos, da rede pública e privada do Estado de Sergipe. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes adultos, desde que possuíssem o tempo de permanência mínima de 24 horas na unidade. O desfecho primário foi o óbito. Os desfechos secundários foram: diálise, lesão por pressão, lesão renal aguda, necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva por mais de 48 horas, infecção e o tempo de internação. Resultados Dos 432 pacientes, houve predomínio de óbito em pacientes do sexo masculino, com idade mais avançada e procedentes da unidade de emergência. A presença de insuficiência cardíaca, valores de creatinina >1,5 mg/dL na admissão, diabetes mellitus, doença hepática e tabagismo também tiveram associação com o desfecho óbito. Quanto aos demais preditores, destacaram-se o maior tempo de internação; maiores escores do Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Phisiology (SAPS 3) e Nursing Activies Score (NAS), além do uso de noradrenalina. O uso do fentanil foi associado ao aumento do tempo de sobrevida e o tempo médio de sobrevivência geral foi 28 dias. Conclusão Os preditores de mortalidade dos pacientes internados em UTI de Sergipe foram o maior tempo de internação; os maiores escores de SOFA, SAPS-3 e NAS; creatinina >1,5mg/dl na admissão; uso de drogas vasopressoras e a necessidade de diálise.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los predictores de mortalidad y el tiempo promedio de supervivencia de los pacientes internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Métodos Cohorte prospectivo, realizado durante el período de agosto de 2018 a julio de 2019, en cuatro Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de adultos, de la red pública y privada del estado de Sergipe. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos, con tiempo de permanencia mínima de 24 horas en la unidad. El criterio principal de valoración fue la defunción. Los criterios secundarios fueron: diálisis, úlcera por presión, lesión renal aguda, necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva durante más de 48 horas, infección y el tiempo de internación. Resultados De los 432 pacientes, hubo un predominio de defunciones en pacientes del sexo masculino, con edad más avanzada y procedentes de la unidad de emergencia. La presencia de insuficiencia cardíaca, valores de creatinina >1,5 mg/dL en la admisión, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad hepática y tabaquismo también estuvieron asociados con el desenlace de defunción. Con relación a los demás predictores, se destacaron el mayor tiempo de internación; mayores puntuaciones del Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Phisiology (SAPS 3) y Nursing Activies Score (NAS), además del uso de noradrenalina. El uso de fentanilo estuvo asociado con el aumento del tiempo de sobrevida y el tiempo promedio de supervivencia general fue de 28 días. Conclusión Los predictores de mortalidad de los pacientes internados en una UCI de Sergipe fueron: el mayor tiempo de internación; los puntajes más altos de SOFA, SAPS-3 y de NAS; creatinina >1,5mg/dl en la admisión; uso de drogas vasoactivas y la necesidad de diálisis.

Abstract Objective To analyze the predictors of mortality and the average survival time of patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units. Methods This is a prospective cohort, carried out from August 2018 to July 2019, in four adult Intensive Care Units (ICU) from the public and private network of the State of Sergipe. All adult patients were included, provided they had a minimum length of stay of 24 hours in the unit. The primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes were dialysis, pressure injury, Acute Kidney Injury, need for invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, infection, and length of hospital stay. Results Of the 432 patients, there was a predominance of death in male patients, older and coming from the emergency unit. The presence of heart failure, creatinine values >1.5 mg/dL at admission, diabetes mellitus, liver disease and smoking were also associated with the death outcome. As for the other predictors, the longest hospital stay, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Physiology (SAPS 3) and Nursing Activities Score (NAS) scores, in addition to the use of noradrenaline, stand out. The use of fentanyl was associated with increased survival time and the overall median survival time was 28 days. Conclusion The mortality predictors of patients admitted to the ICU in Sergipe were longer length of stay; the highest SOFA, SAPS-3 and NAS scores; creatinine >1.5mg/dl on admission; use of vasopressor drugs and the need for dialysis.

Qualidade do sono e burnout em docentes do ensino superior / Sleep quality and burnout in higher education teachers

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a associação da qualidade do sono e presença da síndrome de burnout com o perfil epidemiológico de docentes do ensino superior. Métodos estudo observacional, analítico, do tipo transversal, realizado com 140 docentes, por meio do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e Maslach Burnout Inventory. Resultados na amostra, a maioria era do sexo feminino (54,3%), com idades entre 26 e 40 anos (58,6%). Houve predomínio de docentes com título de especialista (48,6%), com faixa salarial de até R$ 5.000,00 (85,7%), com dois ou mais vínculos empregatícios (52,1%). Constatou-se que docentes que recebiam mais de R$ 5.000,00 (p=0,003), com dois ou mais empregos, classificaram a eficiência habitual do sono como ruim/muito ruim (p=0,027). Todavia, aqueles com qualidade subjetiva do sono boa apresentaram menores escores nos domínios Exaustão emocional (p=0,005) e Despersonalização em relação à referida síndrome (p=0,023). Conclusão diversos fatores colaboram para o desenvolvimento de distúrbios relacionados ao sono na classe docente, tornando-a mais suscetível à manifestação do burnout. Contribuições para a prática os resultados podem subsidiar medidas preventivas para a saúde dos docentes e manutenção da qualidade de suas atividades laborais, visando diminuir o efeito-mediação das variáveis que favorecem o esgotamento psicológico.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the association of sleep quality and the presence of burnout syndrome with the epidemiological profile of higher education teachers. Methods an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of 140 teachers, using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results in the sample, the majority was female (54.3%), aged between 26 and 40 years (58.6%). There was a predominance of teachers with a specialist title (48.6%), with a salary range of up to R$ 5,000.00 (85.7%), with two or more employment relationships (52.1%). It was found that teachers who received more than R$ 5,000.00 (p=0.003), with two or more jobs, classified the usual sleep efficiency as poor/feeble (p=0.027). However, those with good subjective sleep quality had lower scores in the Emotional exhaustion (p=0.005) and Depersonalization domains in relation to the syndrome (p=0.023). Conclusion several factors contribute to the development of sleep-related disorders in teachers, making them more susceptible to the manifestation of burnout. Contributions to practice the results can support preventive measures for the health of teachers and maintain the quality of their work activities, aiming to reduce the mediation effect of the variables that favor psychological exhaustion.

Sepsis and COVID-19: outcomes in young adults in intensive care / Sepsis y COVID-19: resultados en adultos jóvenes en cuidados intensivos / Sepse e COVID-19: desfechos em adultos jovens em terapia intensiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify sepsis incidence among young adults admitted to intensive care due to COVID-19 and to analyze its association with demographic, clinical and outcome variables. Methods: a quantitative, longitudinal, retrospective and analytical study, consisting of 58 adults aged 20 to 40 years in intensive care for SARS-CoV-2. It was carried out in a university hospital, from March 2020 to December 2021, with data collected from electronic medical records. Results: sepsis incidence was 65%. Sepsis was associated with acute kidney injury, use of vasoactive drugs and mechanical ventilation, being admitted to the emergency room, severity according to the Simplified Acute Physiology Score III and bacterial pulmonary co-infection, the latter being the most frequent etiology for sepsis. Conclusions: there was a high sepsis incidence, with 42% of deaths, which points to the importance of investing in preventive measures, especially in relation to bacterial pulmonary coinfections.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la incidencia de sepsis entre adultos jóvenes ingresados en cuidados intensivos por COVID-19 y analizar su asociación con variables demográficas, clínicas y de resultado. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, retrospectivo y analítico, formado por 58 adultos de 20 a 40 años en cuidados intensivos por SARS-CoV-2. Se llevó a cabo en un hospital universitario, de marzo de 2020 a diciembre de 2021, con datos recolectados de historias clínicas electrónicas. Resultados: la incidencia de sepsis fue del 65%. La lesión renal aguda, el uso de fármacos vasoactivos y ventilación mecánica, el ingreso a urgencias, la gravedad según el Simplified Acute Physiology Score III y la coinfección pulmonar bacteriana se asociaron a sepsis, siendo esta última la etiología más frecuente de sepsis. Conclusiones: hubo una alta incidencia de sepsis, con 42% de las muertes, lo que apunta a la importancia de invertir en medidas preventivas, especialmente en relación con las coinfecciones pulmonares bacterianas.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a incidência de sepse entre adultos jovens admitidos na terapia intensiva por COVID-19 e analisar sua associação com variáveis demográficas, clínicas e desfechos. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, retrospectivo e analítico, composto por 58 adultos de 20 a 40 anos em terapia intensiva por SARS-CoV-2. Foi realizado em hospital universitário, no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, sendo os dados coletados dos prontuários eletrônicos. Resultados: a incidência de sepse foi de 65%. Estiveram associados à sepse lesão renal aguda, uso de droga vasoativa e de ventilação mecânica, ser admitido do pronto atendimento, a gravidade segundo o Simplified Acute Physiology Score III e a coinfecção pulmonar bacteriana, sendo essa última a etiologia mais frequente para sepse. Conclusões: observou-se alta incidência de sepse, com 42% de óbito, o que aponta para a importância de investimento em medidas preventivas, especialmente em relação às coinfecções pulmonares bacterianas.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients submitted to coronary angioplasty: prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence, risk factors, and associations of clinical outcomes for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after coronary angioplasty. METHOD: Prospective cohort of 182 patients followed for three months after undergoing angioplasty, from July 2020 to June 2021. The analyzed variables were sociodemographic, clinical, and those related to the procedure. RESULTS: The incidence of CI-AKI was 35.7% (n = 65) and was associated with old age, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). Out of the 17 patients who died within 90 days, 76.5% had CI-AKI (n = 13), the odds ratio between death and CI-AKI was approximately 7.2 times (95% confidence interval (CI), [2.41;26.36]; p = 0.001). The decrease of one unit in the patient's baseline hemoglobin showed a 6.5% increase for CI-AKI (95% CI, [-0.089; -0.040]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: CI-AKI is prevalent in patients with ACS after angioplasty and is related to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, showing high mortality rates.

Urinary tract infection in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment / Infección del tracto urinario en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento conservador / Infecção do trato urinário em pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors for urinary tract infection in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment and identify the microorganisms isolated in the urine of these patients and the staging of chronic kidney disease. Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical study carried out at the Conservative Treatment Outpatient Clinic of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. Results: the prevalence of urinary tract infection is 22%. The risk factors Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, neoplasms and thyroid and autoimmune diseases stand out in the infected group (p < 0.001). Most of the microorganisms found in urine cultures (87.9%) were Gram-negative, being Escherichia coli (50.70%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%) and Enterococcus spp. (9.7%). Conclusions: the findings of this investigation reveal the intrinsic association between risk factors and microorganisms for the development of urinary tract infection.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados de infección del tracto urinario en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento conservador e identificar los microorganismos aislados en la orina de estos pacientes y la estadificación de la enfermedad renal crónica. Métodos: estudio transversal, analítico, realizado en el Ambulatorio de Tratamiento Conservador de un hospital universitario de la ciudad de São Paulo. Resultados: la prevalencia de infección del tracto urinario es del 22%. Los factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial sistémica, cardiopatías, neoplasias y enfermedades tiroideas y autoinmunes destacan en el grupo con infección (p <0,001). La mayoría de los microorganismos encontrados en los urocultivos (87,9%) fueron Gram negativos, siendo Escherichia coli (50,70%), seguida de Klebsiella pneumoniae (23,1%) y Enterococcus spp. (9,7%). Conclusiones: los hallazgos de esta investigación revelan la asociación intrínseca entre factores de riesgo y microorganismos para el desarrollo de infección del tracto urinario.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados para infecção do trato urinário em pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador e identificar os microrganismos isolados na urina desses pacientes e o estadiamento da doença renal crônica . Métodos: estudo transversal, analítico, realizado no Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador de um hospital universitário da cidade de São Paulo. Resultados: a prevalência de infecção do trato urinário é de 22%. Destacam-se no grupo com infecção os fatores de risco Diabetes Mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença cardíaca, neoplasias e doenças da tireoide e autoimunes (p<0,001). Em sua maioria (87,9%), os microrganismos encontrados nas uroculturas foram Gram-negativos, sendo Escherichia coli (50,70%), seguida de Klebsiella pneumoniae (23,1%) e Enterococcus spp. (9,7%). Conclusões: os achados desta investigação revelam a intrínseca associação entre os fatores de risco e os microrganismos para o desenvolvimento da infecção do trato urinário.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients submitted to coronary angioplasty: prospective cohort / Lesión renal aguda inducida por contraste en pacientes sometidos a angioplastia coronaria: una cohorte prospectiva / Lesão renal aguda induzida por contraste em pacientes submetidos à angioplastia coronariana: coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the incidence, risk factors, and associations of clinical outcomes for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after coronary angioplasty. Method: Prospective cohort of 182 patients followed for three months after undergoing angioplasty, from July 2020 to June 2021. The analyzed variables were sociodemographic, clinical, and those related to the procedure. Results: The incidence of CI-AKI was 35.7% (n = 65) and was associated with old age, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). Out of the 17 patients who died within 90 days, 76.5% had CI-AKI (n = 13), the odds ratio between death and CI-AKI was approximately 7.2 times (95% confidence interval (CI), [2.41;26.36]; p = 0.001). The decrease of one unit in the patient's baseline hemoglobin showed a 6.5% increase for CI-AKI (95% CI, [−0.089; −0.040]; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: CI-AKI is prevalent in patients with ACS after angioplasty and is related to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, showing high mortality rates.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y las asociaciones de resultados clínicos para Lesión Renal Aguda Inducida por Contraste (LRA-IC) en pacientes con Síndrome Coronario Agudo (SCA) después de angioplastia coronaria. Método: Cohorte prospectiva de 182 pacientes monitorizados durante tres meses tras realizada la angioplastia, en el periodo entre julio de 2020 y junio de 2021. Se evaluaron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con el procedimiento. Resultados: La incidencia de LRA-IC fue del 35,7% (n = 65) y se asoció con la edad avanzada, la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad renal crónica (p = 0,004, p < 0,001 y p = 0,009, respectivamente). De los 17 pacientes que fallecieron dentro de los 90 días, el 76,5% tenía LRA-IC (n = 13), la razón de probabilidad entre muerte y LRA-IC fue aproximadamente 7,2 veces (intervalo de confianza, IC del 95%, [2,41;26,36]; p = 0,001). La disminución de una unidad en la hemoglobina basal del paciente demostró un aumento del 6,5% para LRA-IC (IC del 95%, [-0,089; -0,040]; p < 0,0001). Conclusión: En los pacientes con SCA después de angioplastia, la LRA-IC tiene una alta incidencia y está relacionada con la diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad renal crónica, presentando altas tasas de mortalidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a incidência, os fatores de risco e as associações dos desfechos clínicos para Lesão Renal Aguda Induzida Por Contraste (LRA-IC) em pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) após angioplastia coronariana. Método: Coorte prospectivo de 182 pacientes seguidos por três meses após angioplastia, entre julho de 2020 e junho de 2021. As variáveis foram sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas ao procedimento. Resultados: A incidência de LRA-IC foi de 35,7% (n = 65) e esteve associada à idade avançada, diabetes mellitus e doença renal crônica (respectivamente p = 0,004, p < 0,001 e p = 0,009). Dos 17 pacientes que faleceram em até 90 dias, 76,5% tiveram LRA-IC (n = 13), a razão de chances entre óbito e LRA-IC foi de aproximadamente 7,2 vezes (intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, [2,41;26,36]; p = 0.001). A diminuição de uma unidade na hemoglobina basal do paciente demonstrou um aumento de 6,5% para LRA-IC (IC 95%, [-0,089; -0,040]; p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Em pacientes com SCA após angioplastia, a LRA-IC tem alta incidência e está relacionada com diabetes mellitus e doença renal crônica, apresentando altos índices de mortalidade.

Urinary tract infection in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors for urinary tract infection in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment and identify the microorganisms isolated in the urine of these patients and the staging of chronic kidney disease. METHODS: a cross-sectional, analytical study carried out at the Conservative Treatment Outpatient Clinic of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. RESULTS: the prevalence of urinary tract infection is 22%. The risk factors Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, neoplasms and thyroid and autoimmune diseases stand out in the infected group (p < 0.001). Most of the microorganisms found in urine cultures (87.9%) were Gram-negative, being Escherichia coli (50.70%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.1%) and Enterococcus spp. (9.7%). CONCLUSIONS: the findings of this investigation reveal the intrinsic association between risk factors and microorganisms for the development of urinary tract infection.

The renoprotective effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 during contrast-induced acute kidney injury in preclinical diabetic models.

OBJECTIVES: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an important clinical problem that can be aggravated by diabetes mellitus, a major risk factor. However, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a promising therapeutic target, can exert antioxidant effects against CI-AKI. Thus, we investigated the role of HO-1 in CI-AKI in the presence of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were subjected to left uninephrectomy, and concomitantly, diabetes induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). After 12 weeks, iodinated contrast (meglumine ioxithalamate, 6 mL/kg) and hemin (HO-1 inducer-10 mg/k) were administered 60 min before iodinated contrast treatment. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM iodinated contrast (DMIC), and DMIC hemin (DMICH). Kidney function, albuminuria, oxidative profile, and histology were assessed. All experimental data were subjected to statistical analyses. RESULTS: CI-AKI in preclinical diabetic models decreased creatinine clearance and increased urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and the degree of albuminuria. Additionally, the levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress metabolites (urinary peroxides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and NO) were elevated, while thiol levels in kidney tissue were reduced. Kidney histology showed tubular cell vacuolization and edema. HO-1 inducer treatment improved kidney function and reduced urinary the NGAL levels. The oxidative profile showed an increase in the endogenous thiol-based antioxidant levels. Additionally, the tubular injury score was reduced following HO-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the renoprotective effects of HO-1 in CI-AKI and preclinical diabetic models. Therefore, HO-1 ameliorates kidney dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress, and prevents cell necrosis.

Infectious events in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors: a prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze risk factors for infection in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors (DECD) in the first two years of follow-up. METHOD: This is a prospective cohort study with 466 patients from DECD who underwent kidney transplantation in 2015 and 2016 in Brazil. A total of 551 events were recorded. The largest incidence of infectious events occurred in the first month after kidney transplantation. Cytomegalovirus infection was the most common infectious episode. RESULTS: The incidence rate of infections was 57.1%. Among bacterial infections, only 4% were due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The death rate was 3.3% (15) patients. The main cause of death was infectious (73.3%). Hospitalization until the first infection (aOR:1.61), Number of infections in 1 year (aOR:40.16), and Cytomegalovirus infection (aOR:13.84) was risk factors for infection by multidrug resistant microorganisms (MDR). CONCLUSION: Infection incidence with MDR bacteria was high among kidney transplant recipients from DECD, and the main cause of death was infection. Survival was high among patients with infection.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and associated factors. METHOD: a cross-sectional study conducted with 176 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The tuberculin test was performed with the standardized antigen, distributed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the reading occurred after 72 to 96 hours of the application. An association test (Chi-square, Fisher's exact), prevalence ratio, and multivariate regression tests were performed. RESULTS: the prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed through Tuberculosis Skin Test was 8.5% (15/176). The "has/has had diabetes" (aOR: 0.117; 95%CI: 0.015-0.92) and "having regular garbage collection (aOR: 0.076; 95%CI: 0.008-0.702) factors were associated with a lower probability of having a Positive skin test. CONCLUSION: the low prevalence of latent tuberculosis identified and the factors associated with it reinforce the need for screening for latent tuberculosis infection for diabetics combined with an analysis of previous risk factors and comorbidities.

Factors associated with urinary tract infection in a Nursing Home.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated with urinary tract infection occurrence in institutionalized elderly. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional, analytical, quantitative study with 116 elderly people from a Nursing Home. Urinary tract infection diagnosis was carried out through urine culture and clinical assessment. Demographic data and associated factors were obtained from medical records. Statistical analysis included bivariate analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS: the factors associated with urinary tract infection (p<0.05) were being female; wheelchair user; diaper use; diuretic use; urinary and bowel incontinence; type 1 diabetes; benign prostatic hyperplasia; dehydration. CONCLUSION: this study revealed that it is important to consider non-modifiable factors such as sex and clinical comorbidities; however, dehydration, a modifiable factor, increased the chances of developing urinary tract infections by 40 times among institutionalized elderly and demands greater attention from the health team.

BM-MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from trained animals presented nephroprotective potential in unilateralureteral obstruction model

Background: The efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) and its extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated for a broad spectrum of indications, including kidney diseases. However, BM-MSC donor characteristics and their potential are not usually considered. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the nephroprotective capacity of sEV secreted by BM-MSC from trained rats inunilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Methods: BM-MSC was characterized by their differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. The sEV were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Its miRNA cargo was examined by quantitative PCR analysis for miR-26a, 126a, and 296. Wistar rats were submitted to UUO procedure and concomitantly treated with sEV secreted by BM-MSC from the untrained andtrained rats. The kidney tissue from all groups was evaluated for fibrosis mediators (transforming growth factor beta1 and collagen), CD34-angiogenesis marker, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Results: Treadmill training stimulated in BM-MSC the production of sEV loaded with pro-angiogenic miR-296. The treatment with this sEVin UUO-rats was able to attenuate collagen accumulation and increase CD34 and HIF-1α in the kidney tissue when compared to untrained ones. Tubular proximal cells under hypoxia and exposed to BM-MSC sEV demonstrate accumulation in HIF-1α and NFR-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), possibly to mediate the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, under these conditions. Conclusion: The BM-MSC sEV from trained animals presented an increased nephroprotective potential compared to untrained vesicles by carrying 296-angiomiR and contributing to angiogenesis in UUO model.(AU)

Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms

Abstract Either bites or stings of venomous animals comprise relevant public health problems in tropical countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by animal toxins is related to worse prognostic and outcomes. Being one the most important pathways to induce AKI following envenoming due to animal toxins, inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. However, direct nephrotoxicity (i.e. apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of toxins), pigmenturia (i.e. rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis), anaphylactic reactions, and coagulopathies could contribute to the renal injury. All these mechanisms are closely integrated, but inflammation is a distinct process. Hence, it is important to improve our understanding on inflammation mechanisms of these syndromes to provide a promising outlook to reduce morbidity and mortality. This literature review highlights the main scientific evidence of acute kidney injury induced by bites or stings from venomous animals and their inflammatory mechanisms. It included observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. Descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), namely: Acute kidney injury or Venom and Inflammation on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar; Kidney disease or Acute kidney injury on Lilacs and SciELO. The present review evidenced that, among the described forms of renal inflammation, it can occur either directly or indirectly on renal cells by means of intravascular, systemic and endothelial hemolysis, activation of inflammatory pathway, as well as direct action of venom cytotoxic components on kidney structures.

BM-MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from trained animals presented nephroprotective potential in unilateralureteral obstruction model

Abstract Background: The efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) and its extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated for a broad spectrum of indications, including kidney diseases. However, BM-MSC donor characteristics and their potential are not usually considered. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the nephroprotective capacity of sEV secreted by BM-MSC from trained rats inunilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Methods: BM-MSC was characterized by their differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. The sEV were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Its miRNA cargo was examined by quantitative PCR analysis for miR-26a, 126a, and 296. Wistar rats were submitted to UUO procedure and concomitantly treated with sEV secreted by BM-MSC from the untrained andtrained rats. The kidney tissue from all groups was evaluated for fibrosis mediators (transforming growth factor beta1 and collagen), CD34-angiogenesis marker, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1). Results: Treadmill training stimulated in BM-MSC the production of sEV loaded with pro-angiogenic miR-296. The treatment with this sEVin UUO-rats was able to attenuate collagen accumulation and increase CD34 and HIF-1 in the kidney tissue when compared to untrained ones. Tubular proximal cells under hypoxia and exposed to BM-MSC sEV demonstrate accumulation in HIF-1 and NFR-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), possibly to mediate the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, under these conditions. Conclusion: The BM-MSC sEV from trained animals presented an increased nephroprotective potential compared to untrained vesicles by carrying 296-angiomiR and contributing to angiogenesis in UUO model.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis / Prevalência de tuberculose latente e fatores associados em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Prevalencia de tuberculosis latente y factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis

Objective: to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and associated factors. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with 176 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The tuberculin test was performed with the standardized antigen, distributed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the reading occurred after 72 to 96 hours of the application. An association test (Chi-square, Fisher's exact), prevalence ratio, and multivariate regression tests were performed. Results: the prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed through Tuberculosis Skin Test was 8.5% (15/176). The "has/has had diabetes" (aOR: 0.117; 95%CI: 0.015-0.92) and "having regular garbage collection (aOR: 0.076; 95%CI: 0.008-0.702) factors were associated with a lower probability of having a Positive skin test. Conclusion: the low prevalence of latent tuberculosis identified and the factors associated with it reinforce the need for screening for latent tuberculosis infection for diabetics combined with an analysis of previous risk factors and comorbidities.

Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de tuberculose latente em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise e fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 176 pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. O teste tuberculínico foi realizado com o antígeno padronizado, distribuído pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, e a leitura ocorreu após 72 a 96 horas da aplicação. Foram realizados teste de associação (Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher), razão de prevalência e regressão multivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de tuberculose latente (teste tuberculínico positivo) foi de 8,5% (15/176). Os fatores "tem/teve diabetes" (ORa:0,117; IC95% 0,015-0,92) e "ter coleta de lixo regular" (ORa:0,076; IC95% 0,008-0,702) foram associados a menores probabilidades de ter teste tuberculínico positivo. Conclusão: a baixa prevalência de tuberculose latente identificada e os fatores associados à mesma reforçam a necessidade de uma triagem da infecção latente por tuberculose para diabéticos combinada com a análise de fatores de risco e comorbidades prévias.

Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de tuberculosis latente en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis y factores asociados. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 176 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis. La prueba cutánea de la tuberculina se realizó con el antígeno estandarizado, distribuido por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, y la lectura se realizó después de 72 a 96 horas de la aplicación. Se realizaron pruebas de asociación (Chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher), razón de prevalencia y regresión multivariante. Resultados: la prevalencia de tuberculosis latente (prueba de tuberculina positiva) fue de 8,5% (15/176). Los factores "tiene/ha tenido diabetes" (ORa: 0,117; IC del 95%: 0,015-0,92) y "tener recolección regular de residuos" (ORa: 0,076; IC del 95%: 0,008-0,702) se asociaron con menores probabilidades de tener una prueba de tuberculina positiva. Conclusión: la baja prevalencia de tuberculosis latente registrada y sus factores asociados refuerzan la necesidad del cribado de la infección tuberculosa latente en diabéticos combinado con el análisis de factores de riesgo y comorbilidades previas.

The renoprotective effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 during contrast-induced acute kidney injury in preclinical diabetic models

OBJECTIVES: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an important clinical problem that can be aggravated by diabetes mellitus, a major risk factor. However, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a promising therapeutic target, can exert antioxidant effects against CI-AKI. Thus, we investigated the role of HO-1 in CI-AKI in the presence of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were subjected to left uninephrectomy, and concomitantly, diabetes induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). After 12 weeks, iodinated contrast (meglumine ioxithalamate, 6 mL/kg) and hemin (HO-1 inducer-10 mg/k) were administered 60 min before iodinated contrast treatment. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, diabetes mellitus (DM), DM iodinated contrast (DMIC), and DMIC hemin (DMICH). Kidney function, albuminuria, oxidative profile, and histology were assessed. All experimental data were subjected to statistical analyses. RESULTS: CI-AKI in preclinical diabetic models decreased creatinine clearance and increased urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and the degree of albuminuria. Additionally, the levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress metabolites (urinary peroxides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and NO) were elevated, while thiol levels in kidney tissue were reduced. Kidney histology showed tubular cell vacuolization and edema. HO-1 inducer treatment improved kidney function and reduced urinary the NGAL levels. The oxidative profile showed an increase in the endogenous thiol-based antioxidant levels. Additionally, the tubular injury score was reduced following HO-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the renoprotective effects of HO-1 in CI-AKI and preclinical diabetic models. Therefore, HO-1 ameliorates kidney dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress, and prevents cell necrosis.

Infectious events in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors: a prospective cohort / Eventos infecciosos en receptores de trasplante renal de donante fallecido con criterios expandidos: cohorte prospectiva / Eventos infecciosos em receptores de transplante renal de doador falecido com critério expandido: coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze risk factors for infection in kidney transplant recipients from deceased expanded criteria donors (DECD) in the first two years of follow-up. Method: This is a prospective cohort study with 466 patients from DECD who underwent kidney transplantation in 2015 and 2016 in Brazil. A total of 551 events were recorded. The largest incidence of infectious events occurred in the first month after kidney transplantation. Cytomegalovirus infection was the most common infectious episode. Results: The incidence rate of infections was 57.1%. Among bacterial infections, only 4% were due to multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The death rate was 3.3% (15) patients. The main cause of death was infectious (73.3%). Hospitalization until the first infection (aOR:1.61), Number of infections in 1 year (aOR:40.16), and Cytomegalovirus infection (aOR:13.84) was risk factors for infection by multidrug resistant microorganisms (MDR). Conclusion: Infection incidence with MDR bacteria was high among kidney transplant recipients from DECD, and the main cause of death was infection. Survival was high among patients with infection.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo de infección en receptores de trasplante renal de donante fallecido con criterios expandidos (DFCE) en los dos primeros años de seguimiento. Método: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte con 466 pacientes con DFCE sometidos a trasplante renal, en 2015 y 2016, en Brasil. Se registraron un total de 551 eventos. La mayor incidencia de eventos infecciosos ocurrió en el primer mes después del trasplante de riñón. La infección por citomegalovirus fue el episodio infeccioso más común. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de infecciones fue del 57,1%. Entre las infecciones bacterianas, solo el 4% se debió a microorganismos multirresistentes. La tasa de mortalidad fue del 3,3% (15) pacientes. La principal causa de muerte fue infecciosa (73,3%). La hospitalización hasta la primera infección (ORa: 1,61), el número de infecciones en 1 año (ORa: 40,16) y la infección por citomegalovirus (ORa: 13,84) fueron factores de riesgo de infección por microorganismos multirresistentes (MR). Conclusión: La incidencia de infección bacteriana por MR fue alta entre los receptores de trasplante renal DFCE y la principal causa de muerte fue la infección. La supervivencia fue alta entre los pacientes con infección.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar fatores de risco para infecção em receptores de transplante renal de doador falecido com critério expandido (DFCE) nos primeiros dois anos de seguimento. Método: Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo, com 466 pacientes do DFCE submetidos a transplante renal, em 2015 e 2016, no Brasil. Um total de 551 eventos foram registrados. A maior incidência de eventos infecciosos ocorreu no primeiro mês após o transplante renal. A infecção por citomegalovírus foi o episódio infeccioso mais comum. Resultados: A taxa de incidência de infecções foi de 57,1%. Entre as infecções bacterianas, apenas 4% foram devidas a microrganismos multirresistentes. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 3,3% (15) pacientes. A principal causa de morte foi infecciosa (73,3%). Hospitalização até a primeira infecção (ORa: 1,61), número de infecções em 1 ano (ORa: 40,16) e infecção por citomegalovírus (ORa: 13,84) foram fatores de risco para infecção por microrganismos multirresistentes (MR). Conclusão: A incidência de infecção por bactérias MR foi alta entre receptores de transplante renal de DFCE, e a principal causa de morte foi infecção. A sobrevivência foi alta entre os pacientes com infecção.